What is Special Education?

Author: University of North Dakota
April 23, 2024

Throughout history, students with learning needs not only faced challenges in having their needs properly identified, but their educational requirements were often inadequately addressed within the general education system.

However, significant strides have been made to rectify this situation, mainly through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This legislation aims to ensure that students with learning needs can access and benefit from specialized education services. 

To better understand this area of education, we'll explore key questions like "What is special education?" as well as examine the process students undergo to qualify for special education services. So, read on and uncover the importance of special education in fostering inclusive learning environments for all students.

Understanding the Basics

Let us start by discussing the fundamental aspects of special education. By exploring these crucial elements, we aim to provide a clear understanding of how special education can support students with unique needs.

What is Special Education?

Special education refers to tailored instructional programs and support services for students with disabilities or special needs. It encompasses a range of interventions and accommodations designed to meet each student's individualized learning requirements.

The primary purpose of special education is to address the challenges and barriers faced by students with disabilities and ensure their access to a quality education that aligns with their abilities and learning styles. Through specially designed instruction and support, special education aims to empower students with the tools and resources needed to succeed academically, develop essential skills, and achieve their full potential despite their disabilities.

Why is Special Education Important?

Special education is essential to promoting equity and inclusivity within educational systems. By offering specialized instruction, interventions, and support services tailored to the learning needs of each student with disabilities, special education ensures that every individual has equal access to educational opportunities. Additionally, it plays a vital role in facilitating such students' academic and social development, empowering them to reach their full potential and participate meaningfully in school and community life.

Where is Special Education Provided?

Special education services are provided in various settings, with public schools being a prevalent option. Here, students benefit from specialized instruction and support customized to suit their individualized education programs. Inclusive classrooms integrate students with disabilities into general education settings alongside their peers, allowing them to participate in academic and social activities while receiving necessary accommodations and support.

Specialized schools dedicated exclusively to serving students with disabilities also offer special education services. These schools may offer a more intensive level of support and focus on specific disabilities or learning needs, providing a structured and supportive environment for students to thrive. Additionally, special education services may be delivered in alternative settings, such as resource rooms or learning centers within public schools, where students receive targeted interventions and support from special education teachers and staff. 

Who Receives Special Education Services?

Special education services are available to children who meet the criteria outlined by the IDEA. According to the act, they must be identified as having a disability falling under one or more of the following 13 categories:

• Autism: A developmental disability affecting communication, social interaction, and sensory processing
• Deaf-blindness: Simultaneous hearing and visual impairments leading to severe communication and developmental needs
• Deafness: Severe hearing impairment affecting linguistic information processing
• Emotional disturbance: Long-term and marked difficulties in learning, interpersonal relationships, behavior, or mood
• Hearing impairment: Impairment in hearing that affects educational performance but doesn't meet the criteria for deafness
• Intellectual disabilities: Below-average general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive behavior
• Multiple disabilities: Concomitant impairments causing severe educational needs
• Orthopedic impairment: Severe orthopedic impairment affecting educational performance
• Other health impairment: Chronic or acute health problems affecting alertness and educational performance
• Specific learning disability: Disorders in basic psychological processes affecting language, reading, writing, or math
• Speech or language impairment: Communication disorders adversely affecting educational performance
• Traumatic brain injury: Acquired brain injury causing functional disability or impairment
• Visual impairment including blindness: Vision impairment affecting educational performance, including partial sight or blindness

Analyzing the Special Education Process: A Step-by-Step Guide

Students must undergo a comprehensive process to determine their eligibility for special education services, confirm their specific needs, and ensure they receive appropriate support. Below, we'll cover the step-by-step process, from identifying their needs to reviewing their progress. Understanding these steps is crucial for parents, educators, and others who support students with special needs.

1. Identification and Referral

The first step in the special education process is identifying and referring students who may require special education services. This process often begins with teachers observing students experiencing difficulties in the classroom, such as attention, behavior, or academic performance. 

Initially, teachers may work with students individually and modify instructional strategies to address their needs. However, if these interventions fail to yield positive results, the teacher is obliged to involve the student's parents or guardians in conversations regarding the challenges their child is facing. Additionally, schools must acquire consent from the student's parent or legal guardian before conducting any assessments or providing special education services.

2. Evaluation and Assessment

Evaluating and assessing students' needs to determine their eligibility for special education services involves various evaluations to gather comprehensive information about their abilities, challenges, and requirements. These evaluations are conducted by a team of professionals, which may include educators, psychologists, speech-language pathologists, and other specialists. The types of evaluations typically completed during this process include:

• Speech-only evaluation: Focusing specifically on assessing speech-language abilities and communication skills
• Speech/language evaluation: Assessing both speech and language abilities, including articulation, fluency, comprehension, and expression
• Teacher narrative or observation: Gathering information from teachers regarding the student's academic performance, behavior, and learning needs through written narratives or direct observations in the classroom
• Full study evaluation: Comprehensive assessment covering various aspects of the student's development, including cognitive, academic, behavioral, and social-emotional functioning
• Socio-cultural evaluation: Examining the influence of cultural and social factors on the student's learning and development
• Psychological evaluation: Assessing cognitive abilities, emotional functioning, and psychological factors that may impact the student's educational performance
• Educational evaluation: Focusing on academic skills, learning style, and educational needs to determine the level of academic support required
• Parent narrative: Obtaining information from parents or guardians about their observations, concerns, and experiences related to their child's development and learning
• Medical evaluation: Conducted by medical professionals to assess any physical or medical conditions that may impact the student's educational needs
• Other evaluations, as needed: Additional assessments may be conducted based on the individual needs of the student, such as adaptive behavior assessments or assistive technology evaluations.

3. Eligibility Determination

Determining eligibility for special education services requires a thorough review of the evaluation results and compliance with legal requirements outlined in the IDEA. Once the evaluation process is completed, the school will conduct a comprehensive assessment of the student's strengths, weaknesses, and overall needs. This assessment considers input from parents or guardians, teachers, specialists, and other relevant individuals involved in the student's education.

The eligibility determination hinges on two key questions: whether the student has a disability and whether that disability adversely affects their academic and functional performance to the extent that they require special education services. If both questions are answered affirmatively, the student is officially deemed eligible for special education services.

4. Individualized Education Program (IEP) Development

Once a student is considered eligible for special education services, the IEP development process begins. The IEP team, comprising educators, specialists, parents or guardians, and the student (when appropriate), collaborates to identify the student's academic and functional needs based on the evaluation results. 

In order to meet the needs of the student and make progress, the IEP team sets measurable goals each year. They decide on the services and support the student requires and mention the education professionals responsible for providing them. The team also outlines the frequency and duration of the services and the settings where they will occur, known as placement.

5. Monitoring and Review

Lastly, monitoring student progress and periodic IEP reviews are needed. Regular monitoring helps educators and support staff track the student's academic and functional development, ensuring that the goals outlined in the IEP are being met effectively. 

Through ongoing assessment and observation, educators can identify any challenges or areas where additional support may be required. Periodic reviews of the IEP provide opportunities to assess the effectiveness of the current strategies and make any necessary adjustments.

Essential Skills Needed for Special Education Graduates

Becoming a special education teacher requires a range of skills and abilities to support students with disabilities effectively. These include:

• Ability to communicate well with students, parents, and colleagues
• Patience and compassion 
• Knowledge of specialized instructional strategies
• Adaptability to different situations and student needs
• Collaboration skills
• Familiarity with assistive technology
• Advocacy
• Emotional intelligence
• Cultural sensitivity
• Time management skills

Conclusion

Special education and its dedicated educators play an invaluable role in ensuring that every student, regardless of their abilities or challenges, receives the support they need to thrive academically and socially. These teachers embody the spirit of inclusivity, championing diversity and equity in education. Through their efforts, special education fosters a culture of inclusivity where every student is valued and empowered to fulfill their dreams.

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